Motors and generators are electromechanical energy conversion devices that operate on closely related electromagnetic principles. A motor converts electrical input into mechanical output by generating electromagnetic torque, while a generator converts mechanical input into electrical output through electromagnetic induction. Although their energy-flow directions are opposite, both rely on magnetic fields, electromagnetic force, and rotational motion to perform energy conversion.
Voltage, current, speed, and torque are fundamental parameters in electromechanical energy conversion. In general, applied voltage influences motor speed, while motor current determines the electromagnetic torque generated by the motor. As mechanical load increases, the motor draws more current to produce the required torque, while speed may decrease due to increased load and voltage drop. The actual operating point is determined by the motor’s electrical characteristics, back EMF, winding resistance, torque-speed curve, and mechanical load.